Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a novel platform for diverse biotechnological systems. Their compact design allows for {highyield and ideal operating conditions. The structure of the hollow fibers facilitates movement between the working chamber and the external fluid, enabling optimized biomass production. Some common applications of

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its ability to achieve high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs integrate a biological reactor with a membrane separation unit, effectively combining the advantages of conventional activated sludge syste